a flat washer
A flat washer is a thin, disc-shaped mechanical component with a hole in the center, designed to distribute load and provide support in fastening applications. These essential hardware components are manufactured from various materials, including stainless steel, brass, copper, and plastic, making them versatile for different environments and applications. The primary function of a flat washer is to create a smooth bearing surface between the head of a fastener, such as a bolt or nut, and the surface of the material being fastened. This distribution of pressure helps prevent damage to the material surface and ensures a more secure connection. Flat washers come in various sizes and thicknesses to accommodate different bolt diameters and application requirements. They play a crucial role in preventing loosening of fasteners due to vibration, thermal expansion, or compression of materials. In engineering and construction applications, flat washers are indispensable for maintaining proper tension and providing essential spacing between components. They also help protect surface finishes by preventing direct metal-to-metal contact between the fastener head and the component surface.